Romeo & Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeo Juliet Essay Introduction William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire and was baptised there on 26th April 1564. John Shakespeare, William Shakespeares father seems to have been reasonably wealthy at the time of William Shakespeares birth. It seems likely from his fathers high and respectable position that William Shakespeare was educated at the Stratford grammar school. He did not, however, go to university and so did not have the kind of education which many playwrights experienced. In 1582, when William Shakespeare was eighteen, he married Anne Hathaway. The couple had three children, Susanna born shortly after their marriage, and the twins Judith and Hamnet born in 1585. We cannot be sure of the time that Shakespeare moved to London, it is thought that he moved in 1585 when a group of playwrights visited Stratford and performed their play there, this may have been the time of when he moved. We do know that he was living in London in 1592, by this time he was already known as a dramatist and actor. Even at this early stage he had become popular because, in 1592 Shakespeare was criticised in a pamphlet by a less successful writer Robert Greene, who wrote that a new and largely uneducated dramatist (Shakespeare) was taking over the position, which rightly belonged to university men. In 1596 Shakespeares son Hamnet died, apart from this grief there was also achievement, John and William Shakespeare (father and son) were granted a coat of arms which means their status as gentlemen was recognised by the college of Heralds. In 1597 Shakespeare bought a New place, one of the largest houses in Stratford. In 1599 he bought shares in the Globe Theatre and in 1609 he became part owner of the newly built Black friars theatre. In this year also he published a collection of sonnets. William Shakespeare retired to New place in 1611. It is thought that he did not break all his business contacts with London. He died in Stratford on 23rd April 1616 at the age of fifty-two. THE ELIZABETHAN THEATRE Drama became increasingly secularised during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and plays ceased to be performed in or near a church. Instead, they were often staged in the courtyard of an inn. A performance in a courtyard such as this had many advantages. There were many doors that could be used for exits and entrances, balconies that could represent battlements or towers and, best of all, perhaps, there were usually guests in the inns who appreciated the entertainment. In 1576 the first theatre was built in London, it was built accordingly to the design of Elizabethan courtyards. Galleries and boxes around the walls of the theatre were where the rich people sat and, like the courtyard of an inn, it had no roof and so performances had to be cancelled if the weather was bad. The 1576 theatre and those built subsequently differed from the courtyard. They contained a large stage often called an apron because of its shape- which jutted out from one wall into the auditorium. The poorer members of the audience were called groundlings and stood around the stage throughout the performance. The large apron stage was not curtained from the audience and there was no scenery on it. Indications of where the scene occurred were built into the words of the play. Very rich costumes and music also compensated for the lack of scenery. It seems likely that plays went on from beginning to end without interval, thought the end of a serious scene was often indicated by the use of rhyming couplets. Examples of this can be found in plays such as Twelfth night, for instance, scenes 1,2,4, and 5 are all end rhymed. This is also found in the play Romeo and Juliet for example, the end of act two scene two, Romeo. Sleep dwell upon thine eyes, peace in thy thy breast. Would I were sleep and peace so sweet to rest. The grey eyd morn smiles on the frowning night, Chequering the eastern clouds with streaks of light; And darkness fleckled like a drunkard reels. From forth days pathway, made by titans wheels. Hence will I to my ghostly sires close cell, His help to crave and my dear hap to hell. In Shakespeares time women were not allowed to perform on the stage, and so female roles were played by boys. This fact helps to explain why so many of Shakespeares heroines disguise themselves as young men. It was easier for a boy to act like a young man than to act like a young woman. ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH Every language changes. Differences in pronunciation and in linguistic preferences are often apparent even in the speech of a father and his son, so it is not surprising that the language of Shakespeares plays should be markedly different from the English we use today. In the sixteenth century the English language was only beginning to be used by creative writers, previously Latin and French had been considered. This is because the English language had not been fully developed and was harder to use. Adjectives, nouns and verbs were less rigidly confined to their specific classes in Shakespeares day. Adjectives were often used as adverbs. Nouns were often used as verbs. And verbs were often on occasions used as noun. Words changed their meanings as time passes, and so many words used by Shakespeare have different values today. This explains the language used in the plays during the 18th periods. Directing Act II scene II Romeo and Juliet is a play written by William Shakespeare (1564-1616). The play is a tragedy set in the fictional city of Verona. The Principality of Verona is ruled by Escalus. The story is based around two feuding families of Montague and Capulet. The leading characters are Romeo, a Montague and Juliet, a Capulet. At the beginning of the play Romeo is persuaded by his friends Benvolio and Mercutio to attend (uninvited) a feast held by the Capulets. Here Romeo hopes to see his beloved Rosaline, who we do not hear any more about. While at the feast Romeo catches a glimpse of Juliet. Their eyes meet and instantly they fall in love (Romeo completely forgets the reason why he attended, Rosaline). The balcony scene occurs early on in the play in act two. Romeo soon leaves the feast but his mind is still full of thoughts of Juliet, Romeo climbs over the wall and into her garden. Juliet cannot sleep and appears at the balcony . At this point they both declare their love for each other and exchange vows. They decide there and then that they will get married in secret the next day. The balcony scene is a crucial part of the play; it is the pivot point of the storyline and the interactions of the individual characters. In this scene Romeo and Juliet profess their love for each other and their intention to get married secretly, even though their two families would strongly disapprove. The leading characters attitude towards each other is completely changed as they disregard their families on going feud. Juliet says that it is Romeo she is in love with and he is the same Romeo even though he is a Montague. I will be directing act II, scene II, of Romeo and Juliet, I have made the choice of directing the scene as a film. The reason for me choosing this scene is because it is the pivotal point of the play and also the most interesting and recognised scene from William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. The actor that I think would best fit the role of Romeo would be Freddie prince junior. The reason for me choosing him is due to him recently acting in allot of romantic films and also due to him being admired by all his female viewers. Michelle Pfeiffer has been picked by me to play the role of Juliet. I have made this choice because she has also played the part of a romantic young teenager in many films. She is also recognised as one of the most famous and attractive actors in the Hollywood film industry. The pivotal point of the play comes in act II, scene II, when Romeo and Juliet declare their love for each other on the balcony. It is the most recognised scene of the playas it is here that that the two characters decide that they shall marry, despite the knowledge of their parents disapproval. Although some readers may believe that Romeo and Juliet rush into their marriage, it proves that their love is intense. It also helps with the overall understanding of the characters as the play is set in the hot Italian city of Verona, taking the stereotypical view of Italian men and women; as romantic impulsive lovers. The play also demonstrates this trait by Romeos infatuation with Rosaline, which appears to disappear once he spots Juliet. This impulsive behaviour is a stereotype of Italian men.

small stage acting :: essays research papers

Topic - Small Stage Acting General Purpose - To Inform Specific Purpose - To explain the dos and don’ts of small stage acting Central Idea - By informing the listeners about what to do and what not to do on a small stage they can learn from my mistakes and avoid them if they ever want to do some acting. I. Introduction: â€Å"There is no business like show business like no business I know. Everything about it is appealing. Everything the traffic will allow. No where can you get that special feeling, only when you are stealing that extra bow.† A. You have to endure a lot being an actor or an actress. B. Stage acting is especially hard. 1. You have to project your voice. 2. Stand where everyone in the audience can see you. 3. There are no takes so you cannot miss a line. II. If you screw up, just go on: A. Opening night I slammed the door open so hard the props fell off the wall. 1. I covered and acted like I was supposed to do it. 2. The other girl on stage bent down behind the couch and laughed. B. If someone misses a line, go on with your line or try to jog their memory. C. I dropped my liquor glass in rehearsal and got yelled at because I did not pick it up. II. Props: A. It is important to use props that will not hinder your performance. 1. You are responsible for your props. a. Never leave them in the way or another actor will trip over them. b. I did not hold the wine glass the proper way. 1.) The director said I held the glass like a beer mug 2.) I was supposed to hold it like a lady: like my character. B. Always check to make sure your props are ready before you go on stage. 1. It would be awful to not be able to find your prop when you need it. 2. It is also not fun eating week old chex-mix. 3. Someone did not check the gun on opening night, so I had to yell â€Å"bang!† III. Eating and Drinking on Stage: A. Drinking on Stage 1. Never pour more in a glass than you will be able to drink before your exit. 2. I had to stand at the door and gulp my wine down before leaving (but it was in keeping with my alcoholic character). 3. Never gesture with your glass. B. Eating on Stage 1. Try to avoid salty foods on stage. small stage acting :: essays research papers Topic - Small Stage Acting General Purpose - To Inform Specific Purpose - To explain the dos and don’ts of small stage acting Central Idea - By informing the listeners about what to do and what not to do on a small stage they can learn from my mistakes and avoid them if they ever want to do some acting. I. Introduction: â€Å"There is no business like show business like no business I know. Everything about it is appealing. Everything the traffic will allow. No where can you get that special feeling, only when you are stealing that extra bow.† A. You have to endure a lot being an actor or an actress. B. Stage acting is especially hard. 1. You have to project your voice. 2. Stand where everyone in the audience can see you. 3. There are no takes so you cannot miss a line. II. If you screw up, just go on: A. Opening night I slammed the door open so hard the props fell off the wall. 1. I covered and acted like I was supposed to do it. 2. The other girl on stage bent down behind the couch and laughed. B. If someone misses a line, go on with your line or try to jog their memory. C. I dropped my liquor glass in rehearsal and got yelled at because I did not pick it up. II. Props: A. It is important to use props that will not hinder your performance. 1. You are responsible for your props. a. Never leave them in the way or another actor will trip over them. b. I did not hold the wine glass the proper way. 1.) The director said I held the glass like a beer mug 2.) I was supposed to hold it like a lady: like my character. B. Always check to make sure your props are ready before you go on stage. 1. It would be awful to not be able to find your prop when you need it. 2. It is also not fun eating week old chex-mix. 3. Someone did not check the gun on opening night, so I had to yell â€Å"bang!† III. Eating and Drinking on Stage: A. Drinking on Stage 1. Never pour more in a glass than you will be able to drink before your exit. 2. I had to stand at the door and gulp my wine down before leaving (but it was in keeping with my alcoholic character). 3. Never gesture with your glass. B. Eating on Stage 1. Try to avoid salty foods on stage.

Revenge is bittersweet- the count of monte cristo

Edmond pleads that he is innocent, Violent does not grant him any sympathy and sends him to prison. For thirteen years Edmond gets whipped and beaten up for being accused of a crime that he did not commit. While he is captive he meets a priest, Babe Farina. Farina teaches Dante to defend himself, however the final lesson he teaches Dante is, ‘Do not commit the crime for which you now serve the sentence. ‘Farina is saying that Dante should not commit a crime as he would have to serve a sentence, which in this case he meant hat Dante should feel guilty if he commits a crime as he is being as bad as the person who harmed and disrespected him.As soon as Edmond Dante escapes the prison all he longing is to get revenge on Violent for sending him to prison. Dante disguises himself as the Count of Monte Crisis with the help of his friend Jackpot. Dante providentially plans and plots avenge on Violent so that he can suffer like how he did. â€Å"They should suffer like how I did, †as Dante quotes throughout the film. After devising a few of tricks Dante ambushes Violent and gets him arrested. Violent feels convicted once he has been seized and remorse incarcerating Dante.Ultimately, Dante is penitent for Violent as another soul is in agony. Regarding Bernard Monde, Dante is hysterical about Monde as he has appropriated and betrayed Dante. Monde who was once Dante dear friend took away his beloved fiance. As a consequence Dante complicity revenge on Monde. He transacts this by costively taking away everything that Monde has. Initially, Montages fortune, wealth and eventually his wife Mercedes. Dante begins taking Montages fortune s that is all that he really has. Once all of Montages funds have been withdrawn he begins a to collapse.Eventually, Dante gets Mercedes and all of Montages riches. As Monde states, † Now you've taken Mercedes,† which frustrates him. Although Dante has Mercedes and fortune it is still not enough, he wants Monde to p ay, therefore they fight to the death. Dante takes a man's life for the first time, Montages. Despite that Dante got his vengeance he now lives the blood stains of another man's life on the palm of his hands. This emotion of remorse and contrition ill always remain with Dante as what has once been done cannot be undone.Dante learns from this that he should have listened the final lesson the priest told him â€Å", Do not commit the crime for which you now serve the sentence. † Dante says, â€Å"All that was used for vengeance will now be used for good,† in the consequence, intimating that he will not have vengeance over anyone but use what he did for good now. Dante has his mind focused on vengeance that he loses what is important, Mercedes. Dante is concentrated on getting revenge on Violent and Monde that he avoids who was once his fiance. Luckily for Dante Mercedes remembered him, even in his disguise as The Count of Monte Crisis.Mercedes tries to reason with Dante, however Dante says to Mercedes, â€Å"If you ever loved me, don't rob me of my hate. It's all I have. â€Å"Dante constantly pushes away Mercedes whom is he who once loved dearly. Eventually, Dante begins to focus on Mercedes than revenge, unfortunately it is too late. Monde battles Dante to the death. Mercedes loses the man who was once her husband even though she gets the love of her life back. Although Mercedes and Dante are back together now nothing ever be like how it once was and Dante will have to live with guilt of choosing vengeance over Mercedes.Consequently, revenge does not provide or do any good. Instead, Dante learns and has to live with remorse and guilt of murdering Monde. Although he gets Mercedes back, Mercedes will always remember everything that Dante did. How he pushed away her, how he would rather get vengeance than be with her. Vengeance never did any good, it Just created remorse and guilt to the beholder of it. As for what happens, the murder of Monde, it can never be undone. As for the feeling of guilt it will always remain.

Organic Foods Are They Really Better for Us - 2845 Words

Organic foods are they really better for us? Prepared by: Katarzyna Kalinowska Prepared for: Chef Ruane Mr. Langford Date due: 25/10/2011 Word count: 2083 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 02 Main restrictions in organic food production 03 NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF ORGANIC FOODS VIA CONVENTIONAL FOODS Fruits, vegetables and grains 04 Milk and dairy produce 06 Meats 06 INFLUENCE OF FOODS COMPONENTS ON CONSUMER’S HEALTH Fats and sugars 07 Vitamins and fatty acids 08 Pesticides and antibiotics 08 TASTE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR OF CHOOSING ORGANIC FOODS 09 ETHICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ORGANIC FARMING 10 CONCLUSION 11 REFERENCES†¦show more content†¦I will focus this assignment on high demand foods like fruit and vegetable, dairy produce and meat. Fruits, vegetables and grains According to the studies conducted by a certified nutrition specialist Virginia Worthington (2001) an increased amount of several nutrients is present in organic crops compared with their conventional equivalents. These included: * 27% more vitamin C * 21.1% more iron * 29.3% more magnesium * 13.6% more phosphorus * 15.1% less nitrates than their conventional counterparts. Figure 3 The chart above illustrates the percentage of additional mineral content in organic compare to conventional crops. However, when the research was carried out the following factors (which are proven to have an effect on a nutritional quality of the food) weren’t taken into account: * Quality of soil and fertility usage * Storage methods * Forms of food consumption e.g. fresh, steamed, pureed, cooked from frozen etc. * Climate in different regions of the world (amount of rainfall and sunlight per day) * The method and timing of harvest To get a real picture of a difference in a nutritional value of organic via conventional foods, a large quantity of different origin samples would need to be tested. Findings that take into account the listed above factors were published in a report â€Å"New Evidence Confirms the Nutritional Superiority of Plant-BasedShow MoreRelatedOmnivores Dilemma Discussion Questions1423 Words   |  6 Pagesinteresting, though, because I never really put much thought into it. In high school, I had a friend who was obsessed with counting calories and then there was me who just ate whatever was in sight. Pollan made me realize how much calories do affect us and the difference between good calories and bad calories. I learned in biology that we need calories to give us energy and we crave foods that are high in calories. We find ourselves craving fatty and sweet foods and that is due to natural selectionRead MoreFood Goods Vs Whole Food Artifacts1339 Words   |  6 Pagesbags, to Michelle O bama s organic garden at the White House, food and other food industry has changed. Over the past years the education of organic and whole foods has increased. Most organic foods are announced as heather and preservative free, many companies are now offering â€Å"gluten-free† products. Some people my wonder to themselves, â€Å"Why are Americans willing to pay double the amount for organic products†. Will this just be another popular trend, or are there really heath benefits from eatingRead MoreFood Inc: Eating Organically Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesI will be writing in my book report on Food Inc about how the food industry is not really telling us what is in our food and how we don’t know much about the food we buy and eat. I was in shock because I try to avoid eating junk food or fast food, and after reading the book I realize I could still be eating junk food, if I don’t learn more about what I am buying. I will be writing about how the food ind ustry can get away with murder and not have to pay for it. Also on how the government is not regulatingRead MoreWhy Is America Going Organic?1597 Words   |  7 PagesWhy is America going organic? Is it because Dr. OZ told them to? Is it because there are promises of losing weight and younger looking skin? What would make a person spend double the price for organic food and turn around a drink a coke? I am not saying organic foods are bad. I am saying unless you are going to be 100% committed, why bother? Organic farming is a $63 billion dollar business and about half of that is from Americans feeling the need to healthier. Everybody is trying to get intoRead MoreSmall Vs. Large Organic Farming1583 Words   |  7 PagesThe general public sees any type of organic food as being produced â€Å"straight out of a backyard garden† or â€Å"right off of the family farm†. But is it really freshly picked tomatoes right out of Grandma Mae’s garden or chicken breast from a local farm? If the food purchased is from Whole Foods or the organic section at Walmart, then that probably is not the case. Large organic farms are what usually supply Whole Foods and other larger chain stores that have organics. They are not what people initiallyRead MoreWhat Are We Really Eating?1143 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Are We Really Eating? Everything that we eat has some form of an unnatural chemical in the product. As of late I have been considering only eating organic foods because not only is it healthier, but it is safer. In this term paper I am going to examine a few aspects of organic food. First I will examine what is organic food and what makes it organic? How does the prices of organic food compare to inorganic foods? And why we should eat organic foods rather than inorganic foods? I just wantRead MoreSustainability Vs. Conventional Farming1299 Words   |  6 Pagessite-specific application. (Gold) The sales of organics are at an all time high, but the concern is that consumers do not know the true facts behind organic farming. Oftentimes, organics are said to be sustainable and are better for the public than conventional farming, but that is not true. Organic farming is not sustainable. This is proven by giving the true meaning of sustainability vs. conventional farming, stating the regulations behind orga nic farming, and use the two to show how all of thisRead MoreFood Inc. : A Healthy Menu For My Family930 Words   |  4 Pagesand ingredients. Most of the food was low-fat, cholesterol-free, gluten free, sugar free, fat free or reduced sodium. Yet, people around us were massively overweight. I remember venturing out the last store with only a few products in my bag--bread, pasta, and tomato sauce. Since then I had the urge to build a healthy menu for my family. I read nutrition books—â€Å"Back to Basics.†, â€Å"Forks over Knives.† I watched food documentaries—â€Å"The world according to Monsanto.†, â€Å"Food Inc.†, â€Å"Supersize me.† TodayRead MoreMy Community Service Hours, By Paul Magedson1143 Words   |  5 PagesFor my community service hours, I went to the Good Earth Organic Farm in Celeste, TX owned by Paul Magedson. It is a certified organic farm that prides itself on not using â€Å"extensive herbicide and pesticide use[d] by intensive conventional agriculture† (Andreatta 2000 p.40). Paul’s farm grows and sells organic produce such as cucumbers, strawberries, okra, kale, and tomatoes. He sells grass-fed lamb from the sheep has raises on his farm and he also has chickens. To complete my hours, I went onRead MoreFood Matters : Film Review1162 Words   |  5 PagesFood Matters: Film Review Food Matters is a 2008 documentary about the kinds of foods that people are consuming. It discusses the western diet that we have grown accustomed to with the processed, sugary, and fatty laden foods that is causing our disease state to increase every day. This documentary also explores how food can be the healing medicine to our bodies. The popular quote by Hippocrates on the front says â€Å"let thy food by thy medicine and thy medicine be thy food†. Our bodies are extremely

Heroism in Othello Essay example - 1634 Words

Heroism in Othello Who are the true heroes in William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello? What is their perspective on making deep sacrifice for what they believe in? Let’s find the heroes and analyze their perspective on suffering voluntarily. Helen Gardner in â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune† considers Iago’s wife Emilia to be a true hero of the play because of her fearless outlook on death itself: Emilia’s silence while her mistress lived is fully explicable in terms of her character. She shares with her husband the generalizing trick and is well used to domestic scenes. The jealous, she knows, are not ever jealous for the cause But jealous for they are jealous. If it†¦show more content†¦(1.2) The proceedings which take place before the Duke of Venice show heroism on the part of Desdemona, who stands up to her father before the body of senators with whom he has worked for years, but in a respectful manner: â€Å"My noble father, / I do perceive here a divided duty.† She elects to remain with the Moor. The general himself, in narrating how he wins the hand of Desdemona, gives testimony to his own valor during many battles. He concludes: â€Å"She loved me for the dangers I had passed, / And I loved her that she did pity them.† Brabantio’s rage, among other reasons, necessitate that Desdemona live with Iago and Emilia during the Moor’s campaign in Cyprus against the Turks. On the island, while awaiting the arrival of Othello’s ship, Desdemona shows herself an intelligent debater. She grows tired of Iago’s derogatory comments directed at his wife, and she quite matter-of-factly (and heroically) states her mind: â€Å"O, fie upon thee, slanderer!† She continues to critique the ancient’s answers to her questions: â€Å"These are old fond paradoxes to make fools laugh i the alehouse† and â€Å"O heavy ignorance! thou praisest the worst best.† She is not fearful or reticent in the least, but rather confronts a man as her equal and not herShow MoreRelated Othello and Heroism Essay2039 Words   |  9 PagesOthello and Heroism  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello the audience finds heroism exhibited not only by the hero, the Moor, but also by other characters in the drama.    A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. Bradley, in his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, defines a woman character, Desdemona, as a hero in the play from the very outset:    There is perhaps a certain excuse for our failure to rise to Shakespeare’s meaning, and to realize how extraordinary and splendid a thingRead MoreThe Weaknesses Of Othello By William Shakespeare933 Words   |  4 PagesThe Weaknesses of Othello Throughout the beginning of Shakespeare s play, Othello, the protagonist, Othello himself, is portrayed as a powerful and courageous man. The audience is led to believe that he is a sympathetic character and a brave war hero. As the story progresses, this view seems to shift. Iago begins to play with Othello’s emotions and Othello starts to make rash decisions. In his Othello’s final great speech, he exposes his thoughts on the situation as well as his selfish motivesRead Moreâ€Å"Othello’s Virtue and Valour Ultimately Make Him Admirable.† to What Extent Do You Agree with This View?1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe idea of heroism is one often associated with virtue, courage and valour. Within Othello, Shakespeare questions the meaning behind heroism and admirability in the context of a Venetian society, in which the play is set. Through the tragic descent of Othello’s composure and his actions, the audience is left to wonder whether or not his virtu e and presentation as an admirable general and hero, actually exists. Act 1 of the play presents Othellos decisions and behaviour as the epitome of virtueRead MoreAnalysis Of The Jester By Muhammad Al-Maghut756 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the social misery and meanness. This play focuses on reaction and behaviour of today’s Arab men towards their historical heroes in a satirical way. The play starts with highlighting the dignity and heroism of past Arab heroes, but in later acts it is depicted that the layman regards their heroism only because it has been magnificently presented to him, unless analysed by a contemporary Arab man. The writer tries to depict the behaviour of today’s Arabs towards achievements to their ancestors. TheRead MoreOthello Character Analysis1555 Words   |  7 Pagesinherent weakness lies in his linguistic capabilities, the very same capabilities Othello uses to win over Desdemona, and to defend himself during his trial in front of the duke. In Smith’s reading, Othello only reverts to his barbarian state when experiencing extreme pressure, as he lacks the other means to express the futility of what is felt, which results in violence. However, when a closer look is taken at what Othello knows about the culture he has tried to hard to assimilate to, it can be seenRead MoreJealousy : An Intriguing Aspect Of Shakespeare s Othello1678 Words   |  7 PagesJealousy: An Intriguing Aspect of Shakespeare’s Othello Profoundly, Shakespeare, in his famous tragedy Othello, brings forth the power of human emotion; seemingly, he reminds people that a simple emotion such as love and hate could have dire consequences if the person involved is misled. In particular, while Othello has a range of themes that surround emotions and certain traits, the one that stands out throughout the play is jealousy that is catalyzed by a host of other vices such as racism andRead MoreThe Power of Self-Destruction in Shakespeares Othello Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesOthello, the Moor of Venice published in 1622 by William Shakespeare, one of the greatest writers known in English literature. Othello has been said to be of the most touching and intimate of Shakespeare tragedies. The source of Othello comes from Girald Cirthio’s Tall of the Moor, considering the modification of a few details, this was a manifestation of Shakespeare’s ability to take a reputable story and elevate it into poetic tragedy (Cah n 106). Othello is the story of love, deception, and powerRead MoreThe World Of William Shakespeare950 Words   |  4 Pagesattention. Fittingly, Othello, and by relation all Shakespeare’s work survives in the mind of historical praise not only because Shakespeare was eloquent but also a student of the human drama. Not unlike Chaucer before him, Shakespeare’s plays point to enthralling cautionary tales that wooed women with all the pain, betrayal and empathy inducing characters of today’s modern melodramatic romances, while at the same time planting dreamy seeds of danger- thwarted and vicarious heroism in the minds of theRead MoreThe Tale Of Othello By William Shakespeare1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe tale of Othello written by William Shakespeare is about several things; love, heroism, military, isolation and sadness. The contrasts of characters within in this play are almost as remarkable as the themes presented and evoked. Within this piece each character is balanced by another of similar or contrasting characteristics. Desdemona is balanced by her opposite, Iago. Her love and concern for ot hers is at one end of the spectrum versus his hatred and concern for self at the other end. All ofRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1454 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare wrote Othello during a time of great racial tension in England. In the drama, he introduces Othello, a military general who works for the state of Venice but is by origin a Moor (a black Arab). This gives him the unique position of being one of the most important men in Venice, while simultaneously being seen as an outsider. In writing such a character for a seventeenth century English audience, the author is clearly attempting to send a message. This tension between human desire

Electrical Energy, Transmission, And Distribution

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION PROBLEM SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION The energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another. Electrical energy is widely used in day to day life in various applications. The generation of as electrical energy is nothing but the conversion of various other forms of energy into electrical energy. This generated energy is demanded by the consumers. There are three main parts of power system network: Generation, Transmission and Distribution. Fig. 1.1 Generation, Transmission and Distribution Energy consumption is calculated mainly in kW. Watts, kilowatts, megawatts are the units for electricity. The smallest unit is watts; if you consider 1000 W then it is 1 kW. 1000 kW = 1 MW. Also, Consumption is a measure of how much energy you have purchased from your electricity utility. The SI unit of energy is the joule, but this is a very small quantity, so electricity utilities use kilowatt hours (kWh) instead of joules. The rate at which you use energy is called power, and is measured in watts (W). But you are not charged for the rate at which you use energy, only the amount of energy used. The power of the generating station, and is normally measured in megawatts (MW).Today accuracy in electrical billing is highly recommended. The calculation of energy consumption gives real power consumption as well as accurate billing. It provides real time monitoring of electricity uses. It is less time consuming and cost effective.Show MoreRelatedElectricity: Electrical Grids1155 Words   |  5 PagesFor over more than a century, coal and other fossil fuels has been used by the power plants as the most favoured resource for power generation. This process is carried out with the help of the grids. Presently, more than 70% of the total global energy demand is satisfied by the burning of fossil fuels. 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Information Technology and Business Process Modelling

Question : For this report, you are to critically evaluate and write about the business reengineering experience on an information system redesign project. In doing so, you will emphasise on its key functions and business processes, organisational structure and culture and analysis and design approaches. For the main body of the report, you are advised to incorporate the four part structure outlined below: Part 1: Processes, Organisational Structure and Redesign Some points to consider are: Organisational background Functional units and processes Organisational structure and design Need for redesign Project vision Part 2: Project Goals, Structure and Staffing Some points to consider are: Project goals Project scope Project structure and staffing Part 3: Process Analysis and Design Some points to consider are: Process analysis Role of request for proposal Process design and rectifications Measuring progress/benchmarks Part 4: Potential Risk Management and Challenges Some points to consider are: Dealing with failure and external IT firms Barriers and enablers of effective process analysis and design Lessons learnt and path for future The points above are used as examples and should not limit you in your reasoning and critical analysis. Improvements, based on any identified shortcomings, should be provided in the Conclusion section of your report. Answer : Introduction BPR or Business Process Reengineering is the process through which an organization can achieve significant changes in business performance. The changes will be in time, cost, service and quality of service. A wide range of tools, techniques, methods, best practices are related in the BPR process. (Johansson, et al., 1994) In the following part of this report project management aspects of BRP in organizations will be explored. A case study of a larger government organization will be used for discussion in the rest of the report. Part 1: Processes, Organizational Structure and Redesign In this part of the report, there will be discussions on the background of the organization, organizational structure, the functional units and processes. These will help to understand the need for redesign and vision of the project. Organisational Background This report is based on the case study of a large quasi government organisation and the business process redesign for process of delivering compensation and benefits to the employees of the organisation. The organisation under consideration is one of the biggest employer from United States. The process to be redesigned has more than 800,000 employees from different locations in the US. The organisation structure was quite complicating. There were 5 senior vice presidents in the organisation. Under the vice presidents there were 10 area vice presidents. Under them, there were 85 district managers and there were more levels of functional managers in the organisation. The size and span of the organisation was really giant and spanned over the country. There were a number of field offices under the district offices. The skills and expertise of the employees were ranged from degrees from high schools to post doctorates from various Ivy League schools. Thus there were different levels of employees. The company was very much focused in advocating promotions from within the company and existing employee base. Their proactive approach in this case gave promotions of the employees to higher level staffing jobs faster. The most complex matter was communication across the levels in the organisation structure. The headquarters were responsible for issuing different policies. Before getting distributed among the field offices, the policies were needed to go through 2 managerial levels in between. As a result, when delivered to the field offices, the information used to become old news. Even sometimes, instead of the original information or policy, just a summary was delivered to the field offices from the district offices and other in between management level. Headquarters and filed offices were not synchronised at all and each used to suspect another for any problem. (Mehdi Khosrowpour;, 2006) Functional units and processes The business process that has been considered in this report is, the process of delivering compensation and benefits to the employees of the company. There were almost 12 separate functional units in the process of compensation and benefit delivery. There were 4 main functional components of the process. Those are, The processes The systems for measurement and management Different structures and jobs Beliefs and values of the organization Any process of an organization or business needs to get aligned with the strategies of the business. In general, for any organization, workforce management is very important for the survival of the business. Compensation and benefits are tools for managing workforce effectively. An effective compensation process should have the following attributes, The remuneration should be based on contribution to the organization or the business. The program should be designed in such a way that it attracts more talent and that will help the organization to grow and excel. The motivations of the staffs should be retained to get the best from them Compensation process is a basic need for that. Compensation structure and process promotes equality of the employees at workplace. The process should efficient for the administration. There should be a reward valued structure in the organizational behavior. Finally there should be compliances to the legal aspects. An efficient and good compensation program should have a balance among all these factors. A company must be aware that the compensation program is aligned and linked with the organizational culture and objective of the company and the program is able to motivate the employees based on different standards set on their performances. The components of compensation and benefits process of any company should have subsets of the following components. Organisational structure and design Typically a hierarchical structure representing the authorities, right, communication, duties etc. of an organization, is called organizational structure. It also represents how power is allocated to different designations in an organization, how different roles and responsibilities are assigned to different persons. The flow of information through different levels of management is also represented in an organization structure. The strategies and objectives of an organization are reflected through a centralized structure where the top level management is responsible for the decision making tasks. They have total control over the divisions and sub-divisions following it. In some cases decentralized organization structure is also possible, where the power of decision making is distributed among the departments. Some of the departments may have some level of freedom. However, in the organization under consideration, the organizational structure is hierarchical. There are senior vice presidents, vice presidents, district officers and area officers. The organizational chart is given below, If it is looked closely, then the organization chart shows that the area offices are divided into several district offices and field offices. It the done by following a divisional structure. The functional areas of the organization have been divided into divisions. These divisions have their own resources and work independently to some degree. These divisions are created based on the geographical areas. There are total 10 area offices and 80 district offices. Need for redesign There were a bunch of benefits and compensation programs for the employees. Under the benefits program there were six parts and under the compensation program there were many. Under benefit program, there were plans like cafeteria plan, health coverage for the individuals and family of the employees, thrift spending account, retirement accounts and many. Most of the plans were not in use for many years. All of these plans were available for employees from all levels in the organization. The redesigning and reengineering process was for 13 programs. This was needed to be done within a very short period of time, as considered to be completed within 12 weeks. The processes were working in a very inefficient manner. There were lack of communication, lack of usage of technology, slower and time consuming, poor people management etc. Thus a redesign was very much needed. Project vision The vision of the project was to reengineering 13 business processes under benefits and compensation program within the 12 weeks time span. The reengineered process was supposed to be more aligned with the business process, faster and able to provide values across the business. Part 2: Project Goals, Structure and Staffing In this part of the report the goals of the project, project structure and staffing for the project will be discussed. Project goals The goals of the project was, Delivering better service to the employees for benefits and compensation program. Making the process faster. Eliminating redundant processes and modules. Delivering same services across the geographically separated sites. Building better communication. Project scope The scope of the project was building a better benefit and compensation program for the employees of the organization, accelerating the growth of the organization, helping then to make better ROI, building better strategies and win over the competitors. Project structure and staffing The project was supposed to follow 3 stage methodology of redesigning the process. The steps were, investigate, innovate and redesign. After formation of the project team, the team was supposed to document the current processes and then decide on some out of the box ideas. Then based on those ideas, the team needed to improve the processes in such a way that the business would be able to maximize benefits from the improved processes. Then there should be an implementation plan for the reengineering process. The in-house reengineering methodologies were being used in the process. There were two parts of the project team. One team from the consultancy appointed for the project. And another company team consisting of employees from different level and area offices of the organization. The company team members were mainly subject matter experts and had almost no idea about reengineering process. On the other hand the consultant team members were experienced in reengineering process and were highly qualified. Two different offices were responsible for selecting the team members from different domains. The selection process were also different. The office that manages the process of employee compensation and benefits, selected the company team members. On the other hand, the consultancy that was contracted for facilitation of the reengineering process, selected the consultancy team members. There was a three step process in selecting the consultancy team members. The steps are, Offer the solicitation. Submission of proposal Interview by the contracting officer. All team members from the consultant team possessed masters degree or higher degrees. The project leader on the team possessed a doctoral degree in organizational behavior. There were two more team members in the consultancy team. One had a masters degree in human resource and another had the same in management. On the other hand the team selection process for the company team was different. There were more steps followed in the selection process. The steps were, Participation of sponsors for solicitation. Awaiting responses. Taking interviews of prospective applicants Arrangement of the begin date and duration in details. Accommodation arrangement Sending acknowledgement letters to the selected candidates and their managers. From the very beginning the process was difficult. Request for selection was forwarded to all area offices. From all area and district offices only 7 employees applied. In a two stage process, the final selection had only 3 of them. A project leader was selected from these three. All three were subject matter experts for the process being reengineered. They had a varying educational background. The highest educational background of the company team members was college degree. Two of the members, one having the college degree worked in same level and had same responsibility at work. Another member worked at lower level and has lesser responsibility. So there is a huge gap between the company team and the consultancy team. The levels of skills, responsibility and expertise was different and that made bad impact on the project. So, the project team was combination of the company and consultancy teams. Other than the project team there was management team. Management team had people like sponsoring organization, contracting officer, and many interested people from information technology, legal, labor union, payroll and accounting sections of the organization. Part 3: Process Analysis and Design In this part of the report, there will be discussions on analysis of the process, role of the RFP or Request for Proposal, design and rectification of the process, measurement or benchmarking of progress etc. Process analysis The process under consideration was the process of delivering compensation and benefit programs to the customers. It was necessary to visit the local sites to understand the whole process, local viewpoints etc. the project team was divided into groups and divided the sites into three geographical location based categories. Those categories are, North and north east West and North West South and south east. On sites each of these categories the team visited to collect data. Initially, the objective of the visit was to understand the process and finding out the best practice from these sites. Then modifying it and implementing the same. This was useful to shorten the delivery time of the project. However, the process did not turn out to be that much beneficial as there was lack of synchronization among the team. Each of the sub teams did not followed same process for process analysis and data collection. Only one sub team used computerized method for this purpose. Others just used transcriptions and it was hard to work faster from these collections and information base. A business consists of several processes. Analysis of any business process helps a business to improve its activities and functional areas, reduce cost, efficient resource allocation, better customer service etc. Process reengineering is closely related to it. Process analysis gives ample scope to rethink about the process, modify it and making it more valuable. (Grover, et al., 1995) Technology is important here. It helps to automate some parts or the whole process analysis part by using streamlining method or automation. A business process analysis also helps to understand where application of technology will be useful. Possible outputs of a business process analysis can be, Understanding of the process as a model called AS-IS Understanding of the improvement in the process as a model called TO-BE. Definitions for the suppliers and customers. Understanding of the governance and ownership of the process Impacts from the process Impacts of organization on the process Impact on the system due to the process Risks associated with the process Types of impacts from the risks Levels of impacts from the risks Expected outcomes from a business process reengineering of a process. Functionality of a business process This diagram represents functionalities of the business process, its relation to the project and reengineering. The AS-IS model is focused on the current process, its activities etc. It defined the structure of the process. There are several standards for defining the structure of a process. Then the TO-BE part of the diagram represents the project of reengineering the process and the outcomes and impacts. The impacts of a process are identified and analyzed during process analysis. Then those are documented for future reference. The size of the project decided the ASIS and TO-BE models of a business process. The impacts are then studied further during the project of reengineering the business process starts. Those are then documented in the scope document. Scope document is a documentation about the requirements and expectation of the stakeholders. Information systems provide support to a process analysis project. Before implementation of any such automation tools in the business process analysis, it is needed to be understood first and then documenting the same in the requirement document. Role of request for proposal Request for proposal or RFP is an important solicitation for a project. It is a documentation about the bidding by a company that is interested in the project. It provides an outline to the cost, duration and other aspects of the project. Thus the organization or project sponsors can decide on the RFPs from several companies that are interested in the project. A RFP defined the minimum requirement for the project. It helps in feasibility study of the project. An RFP includes the following information in any case, Information for the suppliers who may be interested in making a deal with the organization and will provide their best efforts in the project. The details provides by the company about what they want to procure. The requirement analysis process is needed to be done before creating an RFP. Then the requirements can be easily incorporated into the RFP document. It informs the suppliers or consultancies about the criteria of the selection process for bidding. It informs the suppliers that their responses should be factual and follow some criteria posed by the organization. A structured evaluation process details that will be followed in the selection process. Process design and rectifications Process design and rectification is involved with designing a new business process from scratch. Or as it says, thinking about designing the process from a whole new perspective. In the redesign process including rectification the business process will be designed around the people, information technology and systems. (Jeston Nelis, 2014) The objectives of design of process are, Designing flexible, responsive and streamlined process. Elimination of any activity that is not productive and has no positive impact on the process. Improvement in the collaboration. Improved utilization of the resources, specially the scarce resources. Improvement in decision making activities and better and stronger synergy. There may be more than one antiquated processes and methods in a business process. As in the case study of the quasi-government agency, benefits and compensation process, there were many methods and processes that were never used. Application of latest technology can make those process improved and faster. It can eliminate redundant parts from those processes. Integration of technology with BPR or Business Process Reengineering is a common issue. But before implementation of any technology it should be evaluated to understand whether that is suitable for the business or can improve the business process. Business Process Reengineering is very crucial for a business. The industry is becoming competitive day by day. For survival in the industry a business needs to reengineer its processes as and when required. Some of the compelling factors towards business process reengineering is, Elimination of the steps from the business process that does not add any value. Exploitation of inherent parallelism in the system, if anything such exists. Check for validation first and as early as possible to grab an opportunity. Shorten the distance between the requirements of a customer and satisfaction of the customer. Gather information as early as possible. Track progress all time. Elimination of problems like black holes, bottlenecks etc. Measuring progress/benchmarks There are different types of measurements to the improvements of a process from business process reengineering. Those are, Type 1 The focus of this measurement is the reduction in overall cost from the BPR. It evaluates improvement of the process in terms of cost reduction. Type 2 It is focused on achieving parity or best in classes. This is a competitive measurement process. Type 3 This measurement process searches for the breakpoints in the core business processes, then it writes down the rules for evaluating the same. On the other hand, benchmarking is basically finding out the best practice that will give better performance from the process. There are different kind of benchmarking available. Those are, Benchmarking for performance This category of benchmarking will find suitable candidates for studying the benchmarking evaluation. Benchmarking for process This category of benchmarking will depend on best practices from the industry. Depending on the structure of the organization there are three types of benchmarking. Those are, internal, generic or functional and competitive benchmarking. Internal benchmarking will compare the business process to similar business processes in the same organization. Generic or functional benchmarking will compare the business process with the same in some standard and international company beyond industry or within the same industry. Competitive benchmarking will compare the process against the toughest competitor or international companies within the same industry. (O'Neill Sohal, 1999) Benchmarking Process Benchmarking is a step by step process including the following steps. Organization This is the first step toward benchmarking. In this step the process of benchmarking gets organized. The buy in from management is obtained. It communicates about educating the concepts of benchmarking. The planning for overall benchmarking process is done. All concerns and fears about the benchmarking is addressed. Preparation for benchmarking In this step the preparation for benchmarking is done. The processes that need benchmarking, are identified. Then a benchmarking team is established. It needs to understand the existing process. Finally the metrics for benchmarking is determined. Research on benchmarking Research on benchmarking will help in uncovering the details on who performs same processed, the best performer, what are the useful information needed etc. Selection of an organization for benchmarking In this step a relationship is needed to be established with the organization for benchmarking. Then an exchange agreement will be created. Collection of data and information In this step data and information are collected from visits to sites, interviews, documents, third parties etc. There should be proper planning of collection of those data. Analysis and adoption of the process In this step all related activities for analysis and adoption of the process will be done. The data and information collected from the previous step will be compared. The gaps between the processes will be determined. The goals will be established. Then improved processed will be designed further. Improvements will be estimated. Implementation of new process This is the final step in the benchmarking process. The new process will be implemented in this step. There are various related processes to the implementation process. The staffs who will be affected by this process are needed to the trained. Then trial and error method will be used during implementation. The results from the implementation will be monitored. The results will be adjusted and adopted. Finally the whole new implemented process will be adopted. Part 4: Potential Risk Management and Challenges In this part, it will discuss about the risks management and related challenges in BPR and in relation to the BPR process in the government agency. Dealing with failure and external IT firms As it was clear from the case study of the BPR process in the large government process that BPR processes are involved with high risks if not carried out properly. BPR process is more than mere changes in the business process. It brings radical changes. The factors behind success or failure of BPR process are, Commitment to the project from whole organization BPR process directly affects the people and their roles in the business. Job is important to any employee. A common fear is about losing the job due to BRP. So, employees become resistant to any BPR process easily. As, it has been seen, there were lack of commitment from the whole organization. Another change in the business process early to the BRP process had led to cut down of employment in the same organization. Thus the employees were naturally reluctant to any other change in the organization. Some of the employees did take part in the project only to secure their jobs. There were lack of participations from the employees selected as project team member. They did not took the project seriously. Lack of dedication in the BRP management team is a stepping stone towards failure. (Langer, 2012) Composition of the BPR team The BPR team is like the nucleus of the project team. Utmost care should be taken while building the BPR team. The team will be responsible to take decisions on behalf of the organization. There are various deterministic factors to be considered while building BPR team, The team members should have competency and motivation. They should be enough credible and creative within the organization. There should be processes like empowerment of the team, training, brainstorming sessions and process mapping. The team leadership should be efficient. The organization of the team should be well balanced. The team members should have complementary skills. So that they can take cross functional roles and make the project a success. A well-built BPR team should have members from top management, different business processes, technical groups, finance etc. and end users. The knowledge and skills of the team members must be mixed with various depths covering the requirements of the BRP project. But in the larger government BRP process case, it has been seen that the team was not well balanced. There were lack of communication, co-ordination, skill, technical abilities etc. thus the team was not efficient. The root of the problem is inefficient selection of team by the company. Analysis of the requirement of business process In many cases it has been seen that the organizations just starts the BPR even without understanding and evaluating the requirements and processes. This should not be the case. A basic project pan for the BRP project consisting of the following at minimum should be there. Identification of different problem areas Solidification of different goals Definition of the objectives of the business It is the responsibility of the business to help the BRP team in reengineering the business processes, help them in setting priorities and focus on the related areas to determine the efforts for delivering improvements. If there is lack of alignment in the BRP and the strategies of the organization then that can lead to failure. The core competency of the company must be considered. Otherwise the whole reengineering process will be a waste. Without alignment with the strategies of the business the sponsors and key stakeholders of the business may find themselves out of focus of the business. (Altinkemer, et al., 2011) As, in the government project, there were no participation from the employees around all sites, there were lack of alignment with objectives and strategies. Without considering all requirements the duration of the project was set to some unrealistic number that made the project team confused and under tremendous pressure. Availability of adequate Information technology infrastructure Information technology infrastructure is important in BRP processes. It is a very important part of successful BRP project. Some of the factors of successful IT infrastructure are, Proper and efficient alignment of the strategies of BRP and IT infrastructure. Creation of an efficient IT infrastructure. Proper IT infrastructure is an investment. Integration of the information systems. Improved competency of the IT functions. Use of the software tools effectively. (Tsai, 2003) Efficient change management process Change management involves changes in the social and human factors related to the BRP project. An irony is, there are chances of resistance against a BRP process from the group of users who will be the ones with most benefits from the process. Organization culture is another important factor behind success or failure of a project. The ability of adopting the changes from a BRP process comes from the organization culture. Continuous improvement process BRP is actually an ongoing and successive process. This is a strategy to implement improvement to an organization whenever required. That should be understood. External IT firms As information technology is important, so external IT firms plays significant roles in BRP in different organizations. External IT firms provide support for databases, expert systems, decision support tools, telecommunication networks, high performance computing etc. Other than there are ERP vendors like SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft, JD Edwards etc. they are prominent players in the IT field related to the BRP in organizations. (Attaran, 2004) Barriers and enablers of effective process analysis and design The barriers are enablers of the BRP processes are listed below, (Muthu, et al., 2006) The enablers are, Good management Well-built BRP teams Realistic project plan Dedication and commitment of the team members and from the whole organization. Proper IT infrastructure Consistency in the process. Synchronization between the management and the project team.etc. On the other hand, the barriers are, Lack of support from top level management. Setting unrealistic project goal Inefficient project planning Lack of understanding of the requirements of the project. Poor selection of the project team. Inefficient or no implementation of IT.etc. Lessons learnt and path for future A lot of lessons have been learnt from this project of BRP in large government agency. The summary of the learnings are, Business process reengineering is more than changing a part of the system. It has many socio, economic impacts on the lives of the people associated with the process, values and ROI of the organization etc. Effective team building, organizational structure and culture are important. Organizational structure and cultures build values among the employees. Team building becomes easier when the organization culture is good. Dedication and commitment from the organization and the employees from all levels are important for BRP project. Lack of enthusiasm kills a BRP project. As a BRP project is closely related to innovation, so enthusiasm and new ideas are very much needed. Appointing same people in BRP projects again and again restricts the scopes of the project because they will try to see the system from same viewpoint. Process analysis is very much important. Before analysis the process and requirement, the project plan should not be created. Otherwise it may end up in setting unrealistic milestones and goals. Planning and uncovering every aspects of the BRP project through brainstorming sessions is necessary. IT is an important part for such projects. But without understanding the IT requirements clearly, the implementation should not be done. Conclusion In this report, it has covered several aspects of business process reengineering project management. A case study of a large governmental agency has been considered for the project. In part 1 of the report various organizational aspects related to such projects have been discussed. There is also details of the case study. In part 2 the project scope, visions etc. are discussed. In part 3, process analysis, structure of process, benchmarking etc. have been discussed. Finally in part 4 risks and issues related to failure of BRP projects have been discussed. There is also a discussion on future scopes. References Altinkemer, K., Ozcelik, Y. Ozdemir, Z. D., 2011. Productivity and Performance Effects of Business Process Reengineering: A Firm-Level Analysis. Management Information Systems, 27(4), pp. 129-162. Attaran, M., 2004. Exploring the relationship between information technology and business process reengineering. Information Management, 41(5), p. 585596. Grover, V., Jeong, S. R., Kettinger, W. J. Teng, J. T. C., 1995. The Implementation of Business Process Reengineering. Management Information Systems, 12(1), pp. 109-144. Jeston, J. Nelis, J., 2014. Business Process Management. s.l.:Routledge. Johansson, H. J., McHugh, P., Pendlebury, A. J. Wheeler, W. A., 1994. Business Process Reengineering. s.l.:Wiley. Langer, A. M., 2012. Business Process Reengineering. Guide to Software Development, pp. 213-224. Mehdi Khosrowpour;, 2006. Cases on Information Technology and Business Process Reengineering. s.l.:Idea Group Inc. Muthu, S., Whitman, L. Cheraghi, S. H., 2006. Business Process Reengineering: A Consolidated Methodology. s.l., citeseer. O'Neill, P. Sohal, A. S., 1999. Business Process Reengineering A review of recent literature. Technovation, 19(9), p. 571581. Tsai, H.-L., 2003. Information Technology and Business Process Reengineering. s.l.:Greenwood Publishing Group.